Open to Interpretation
#Battles
Game on...on the radio...feed drops historical battles all the time...today's notable, the Mongols threatening Egypt...Padres 3-Dodgers 0...Susaki pitching...top of second...the Mongols were beaten back, their first defeat...I thought that was in Ukraine, nearabout Crimea...then something happened at Rome...
✨️Mongols threatened Egypt second...they were beaten back, their first defeat...I thought that was in Ukraine, nearabout Crimea...then something happened at Rome...
The Mongols were beaten back and suffered their first major, irreversible open-field defeat at the Battle of Ain Jalut on September 3, 1260. The battle took place in the Jezreel Valley in present-day Israel, just north of Egypt, destroying the myth of Mongol invincibility. [1, 2, 3]
The events you are thinking of in Ukraine/Crimea and Rome happened during entirely different campaigns:
• Ukraine/Crimea (1223): You are likely thinking of the Battle of the Kalka River, where a Mongol vanguard decimated a coalition of Kievan Rus and Cuman princes. This occurred decades before Ain Jalut. The Mongols later devastated the region around Crimea in 1239. [1, 2, 3]Europe (1241): Around the same time, the main Mongol force rode into Eastern Europe, destroying armies in Poland and Hungary. [1, 2]Rome / The Pope (1241–1245): Europe feared the "Golden Horde" would march on Rome next. Pope Innocent IV sent papal envoys (such as Giovanni da Pian del Carpine) across Eurasia directly to the Mongol capital to negotiate peace and gather intelligence. [1]
The successful repulsion of the Mongols in 1260 was achieved by the Mamluks, who were an elite caste of slave-soldiers. Led by Sultan Qutuz and general Baibars, the Mamluks drew the Mongol forces into a trap using a feigned retreat. You can read more about how this changed history on Britannica. [1, 2, 3]
🎶like seeing an answer on the Jeopardy board...a play along...
✨️what manner of logistic support did the Mongols use compared to Alexander the Great
The Mongols relied on decentralization, nomadic mobility, and self-sufficiency, whereas Alexander the Great depended on a highly structured, vulnerable supply chain. The Mongols operated as a self-contained logistical entity. Every soldier managed their own string of remount horses, utilizing the animals for transportation, milk, and blood. In contrast, Alexander maintained a massive wagon train of oxen and baggage handlers, which limited his army’s daily travel speed and required constant protection. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
The Mongol System: Decentralized and Autonomous
• The Remount System: Each Mongol cavalryman traveled with 3 to 5 horses. They swapped mounts continuously while riding, preserving the horses' energy and enabling the army to advance up to 60 miles per day. [1, 2, 3, 4]Self-Sufficiency & Foraging: The soldiers carried highly concentrated, dehydrated rations like bort (dried and pounded meat) and dried milk curds. In emergencies, they could drink blood from their horses' veins without causing permanent harm to the animals. [1]The Yam Postal Network: To manage their sprawling territory, the Mongols established a relay-station communication network. While Alexander relied on messengers on foot or single riders who could be waylaid, the Mongol Yam utilized a pony-express style system to safely and swiftly dispatch goods and military orders across the empire. [1, 2, 3]
The Macedonian System: Structured and Vulnerable
• Supply Lines: Alexander's campaigns heavily relied on keeping open communications to base camps and coastal ports. His logistics required a tether to secure territories to provide grain and fodder for his infantry and the cavalry's heavy chargers. [1, 2]Vulnerable Wagons: The reliance on heavy pack animals and supply trains restricted the campaign's pace and maneuvering capabilities. If Alexander’s supply train was attacked or cut off, the army faced severe starvation. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]Foraging Expeditions: When supply lines were stretched too thin, Alexander had to break his forces into smaller divisions to forage across the countryside. [1, 2]
🎶Padres 6-Dodgers 0...bottom of second..."bort"...?...
🧐bort mongol food
Borts is a traditional Mongolian method of air-dried or sun-dried meat, commonly made from beef, goat, or camel. Historically a staple survival food for Genghis Khan's armies, the lean meat is cut into thick strips and dried until it can be ground into a powder or flakes. Because its volume shrinks significantly, it is perfect for reconstituting into warm, nourishing soups, teas, or dumplings (like buuz). [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
If you are craving Mongolian-style stir-fry or looking to experience traditional Central Asian flavors nearby, Garden Grove and the surrounding areas offer several great spots to check out:
• Genghis Khan Mongolian BBQ: Located at 7132-A Garden Grove Blvd, Westminster, this classic spot is just 4.5 miles away. It is known for its custom stir-fry bowls, sesame pockets, and traditional cooking style. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
🎶Ohtani up...W...Rushing had a two run homer...Padres 6-Dodgers 2...restaurant still open?..."closing soon"...they're over by that industrial accident...out for a snack...wait...where were the Mongols stopped in Europe?...
✨️..where were the Mongols stopped in Europe?...
🎶castles stopped them...and I'm confusing them with Islam's conquests...Vlad the Impaller, Dracula, stopped the Ottomans-scared them away?...
✨️Vlad the Impaller, Dracula, stopped them-scared them away?...
🎶Ottomans-Islam...Padres 6-Dodgers 3...Ottomans took Egypt?...yep...defeated the Mamluks, who earlier defeated the Mongols...and who were the Mamluks?...not native Egyptians, if I recall...
✨️Mamluks were ethnically diverse, non-Arab enslaved mercenaries and slave-soldiers (predominantly Turkic and Circassian) who served in the Islamic world from the 9th to the 19th centuries. Converted to Islam and trained in elite martial skills, they eventually seized power, most famously establishing their own powerful Sultanate in Egypt and Syria. [1, 2, 3]
The Mamluk system was one of the most unique and successful military castes in medieval history. Here is a breakdown of who they were and their historical impact: [1]Origins as "Owned" Warriors
• The Name: Derived from the Arabic word for "owned" or "slave" (mamlūk), these men began their lives as foreign captives or purchased boys, often from the Eurasian Steppe or the Caucasus Mountains. [1, 2]Military Exclusivity: Islamic law generally prohibited enslaving free Muslims, so Mamluks were imported from non-Muslim, Christian, or pagan territories. Young boys around the age of 13 were taken, converted to Islam, and subjected to rigorous physical and military training. [1, 2, 3, 4]Social Prestige: Though legally enslaved upon purchase, Mamluks occupied an elite, highly privileged social status. They were valued for their absolute loyalty to their masters, unburdened by local tribal or familial political ties. [1, 2]
Rise to Power
• The Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517): Originally used as bodyguards and elite vanguard forces for the Ayyubid dynasty, Mamluk generals eventually exploited their military dominance to overthrow their masters. They founded the Mamluk Sultanate, ruling over Egypt, Syria, and parts of the Holy Land for over 250 years. [1, 2, 3]Stopping the Mongols: Their crowning achievement occurred in 1260 at the Battle of Ain Jalut, where Mamluk forces decisively defeated the Mongol Empire, permanently halting their southward expansion into the Middle East. [1, 2]Ending the Crusades: Over the following decades, Mamluk armies led by legendary sultans like Baibars systematically eradicated the Crusader states in the Levant. [1, 2]
A Self-Perpetuating Class
• Non-Inherited Status: Because the Mamluks' identity was rooted in their foreign, military-slave background, a Mamluk generally could not pass his title or property directly to his sons. In theory, their own children were excluded from the Mamluk ranks. [1, 2]Continuous Recruitment: To replenish their numbers, the ruling Mamluks continuously imported new waves of foreign youths. The Sultanate is largely divided into two primary eras: the early Turkish (Bahri) Mamluks (1250–1382) and the later Circassian (Burji) Mamluks (1382–1517). [1, 2, 3, 4]
Legacy
Although the Mamluk Sultanate was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, the Mamluks continued to hold significant political influence and governance power in Egypt until the early 19th century. They remain widely remembered for their master-level horsemanship, mounted archery, and cultural patronage, leaving behind a wealth of spectacular architecture still visible in Cairo and Jerusalem. [1, 2, 3]
While separated by hundreds of years, they shared some cultural overlaps—like supreme mastery of cavalry warfare and nomadic ancestry. The Mamluks, however, trace their exact lineage to later medieval steppe populations and the Caucasus. [1, 2, 3]
The history of these groups divides into two distinct timelines and geographies: [1, 2, 3]
• The Scythians: An ancient, nomadic confederation of Iranic-speaking tribes who dominated the Eurasian steppes from roughly the 9th to the 4th centuries BCE. They ranged from Eastern Europe to the borders of China, and are famous for their golden artifacts and mounted archery. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]The Mamluks: Primarily enslaved mercenaries purchased by Muslim rulers starting in the 9th century. The most famous Mamluks were the Qipchak Turks (from the southern Russian and Ukrainian steppes) and the Circassians (from the Caucasus). They famously seized power in 1250 and established the Mamluk Sultanate, famously stopping the Mongol advance at the Battle of Ain Jalut.
• c. 2000 BCE: The earliest written mention of Jerusalem (as Rushalimum) appears in Middle Egyptian texts.c. 1000 BCE: King David conquered the city from the Jebusites, establishing it as the neutral, united capital of the Kingdom of Israel.c. 950 BCE: King Solomon built the First Temple, establishing Jerusalem as the epicenter of Jewish religious and cultural life.587 BCE: The Babylonian Empire, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, besieged Jerusalem, destroyed Solomon's Temple, and exiled the Jewish population. [1, 2, 3]
Persian, Hellenistic, and Hasmonean Periods (c. 538 – 63 BCE)
• 538 BCE: Persian King Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and allowed the Jewish exiles to return and build the Second Temple.332 BCE: Alexander the Great conquered the region, introducing Greek (Hellenistic) culture.167 BCE: Following the desecration of the Second Temple by Seleucid rulers, the Maccabean Revolt succeeded in recapturing the city, establishing the independent Hasmonean Dynasty. [1, 2, 3]
The Roman Conquest (63 BCE)
• 63 BCE: Roman general Pompey the Great intervened in a Hasmonean civil war, laying siege to Jerusalem and bringing the city under Roman control. This marked the end of Jewish independence and initiated a long period of Roman domination.37 BCE: Rome installed Herod the Great as a client king of Judea. He heavily expanded the city and fortified the Temple Mount. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Roman and Byzantine Rules (63 BCE – 638 CE)
• The Destructions: Following a massive Jewish uprising, Roman legions under Titus breached the city and completely destroyed the Second Temple in 70 CE. [1, 2]Aelia Capitolina: In 130 CE, Emperor Hadrian flattened the remains, banned Jewish residents, and rebuilt the city as a pagan Roman colony named Aelia Capitolina. [1, 2]Christian Transformation: Under Emperor Constantine and the subsequent Byzantine Empire in the 4th century, the city transitioned into a Christian hub. Constantine's mother, Helena, initiated the construction of the iconic Church of the Holy Sepulchre. [1, 2, 3]
Islamic, Crusader, and Mamluk Dynasties (638 – 1517 CE)
• Early Muslim Period: Caliph Umar Ibn Al-Khattab conquered the city peacefully in 638 CE, lifting the Byzantine ban on Jewish residents. The Umayyad Caliphate later constructed the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount. [1, 2, 3]The Crusades: In 1099, European Knights captured Jerusalem during the First Crusade, massacring the local Muslim and Jewish inhabitants to establish the Kingdom of Jerusalem. [1, 2]Saladin & Mamluks: The Muslim military leader Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187. Control eventually shifted to the Mamluks of Egypt, who governed the city as a major religious center until the early 16th century. [1, 2, 3, 4]
The Ottoman Empire (1517 – 1917 CE)
• Sultan Suleiman: The Ottoman Empire absorbed Jerusalem in 1517. Between 1537 and 1541, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent ordered the construction of the famous stone walls that still surround the Old City today. [1, 2, 3]Modern Expansion: By the late 19th century, the population outgrew the old walls, sparking the expansion of new neighborhoods outside the historic core. [1]
British Mandate and the Modern Era (1917 – Present)
• British Rule: British forces took over the city in 1917 during World War I. They administered it under the British Mandate of Palestine amidst escalating local tensions.A Divided City: Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was partitioned. Israel controlled West Jerusalem, while Jordan held East Jerusalem and the Old City.Unification: During the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel captured East Jerusalem, effectively unifying the city under its governance. In 1980, the Knesset declared Jerusalem the undivided capital of Israel, an administrative status that remains a core subject of international political debate and dispute. [1, 2, 3, 4]
:)
DavidDavid
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