Xenology/quotes/notes/2/29/2024

The Canada Goose Chin Strap

Aloha

Xenology

“Is the formation of new languages similar to the process of speciation?”

Yes, it’s a common comparison among people who understand both processes. But it’s also a common example of a similarity that’s not at all an identity.

Part of the similarity is based on the idea of dialects and subspecies. The important differences are:

Dialects of a language are different versions that can still be (mostly) understood by the speakers; when dialects diverge to the point that their speakers (mostly) can’t understand each other, then they’re called separate languages.

Subspecies of a species are different populations that can (mostly) interbreed and produce healthy offspring that can also reproduce with either parent population; when populations diverge to the point that they can no longer interbreed, or produce offspring that (mostly) die before producing offspring, they’re considered separate species.

The big difference between these two definitions is:

Once two species have formed, it’s usually impossible for them to recombine or exchange genetic information. But when dialects diverge into languages, they can always continue to borrow new terminology (and even grammar), no matter how different they become.

English has words that are borrowed from many languages that linguists can’t relate to English at all. But you don’t find hybrids among species in different families, genera, etc.

Actually, both of these concepts have some conceptual problems. Biologists have been documenting cases of gene transfer between widely-separated species, as well a mergers of species. One of the most spectacular started as suggestions over a century ago that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as bacteria that “colonized” prokaryotic cells. It took another half century, but in the 1950s and 1960s, it was verified, and it’s now part of biologists’ understanding of the origin of nucleated cells and “higher” multicellular plants and animals.

This does cause a bit of a definitional problem in biology, especially with the more recent discovery of single-celled “species” that can and do regularly exchange DNA with many other (and very different) species. Google “viral transduction” for one of the simpler mechanisms that has been documented.

But “borrowing” doesn’t cause many definitional problems in linguistics, since languages don’t have physical barriers that block the spread of words, morphemes, etc. Borrowing does cause a lot of problems in trying to determine the history and relatedness of languages.

But despite all these problems, the language/dialect and species/subspecies (sometimes called “race”) concepts are useful in linguistics and species. You just have to learn not to take them too seriously, because the real world is a lot messier than these concepts might lead you to believe.

Quora, web

Two types of xenoglossy are distinguished. Recitative xenoglossy is the use of an unacquired language incomprehensibly, while responsive xenoglossy refers to the ability to intelligibly employ the unlearned language as if already acquired.[9]

wiki, xenology

It also became apparent that the imaginary involves a linguistic dimension: whereas the signifier is the foundation of the symbolic, the "signified" and "signification" belong to the imaginary. Thus language has both symbolic and imaginary aspects: "words themselves can undergo symbolic lesions and accomplish imaginary acts of which the patient is the subject.…In this way, speech may become an imaginary, or even real object."[9]: 87–8

wiki, imaginary psychoanalysis

"The Babel fish is small, yellow, leech-like, and probably the oddest thing in the Universe. It feeds on brainwave energy received not from its own carrier, but from those around it. It absorbs all unconscious mental frequencies from this brainwave energy to nourish itself with. It then excretes into the mind of its carrier a telepathic matrix formed by combining the conscious thought frequencies with nerve signals picked up from the speech centres of the brain which has supplied them. The practical upshot of all this is that if you stick a Babel fish in your ear you can instantly understand anything said to you in any form of language. The speech patterns you actually hear decode the brainwave matrix which has been fed into your mind by your Babel fish."Now it is such a bizarrely improbable coincidence that something so mind-bogglingly useful could have evolved purely by chance that some thinkers have chosen to see it as a final and clinching proof of the non-existence of God.

FANDOM,web
HItchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Notes: well, yeah, linguistics is like biology, and I noted its messiness too...big dif, is species of fauna and flora are living creatures...ohhh, wait...brb...lol...the Hitchhiker is the Babel Fish!...go figure...I was wondering when I would get to the linguistic creme de la creme, the Babel Fish...aaand, I've managed to do another "challenge", a daily riff for a month, as it were, just babbling on...leap year gave me an extra day, this post like a postscript, "thanks for all the fish"!🐬

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid

MatingCall/quotes/notes/2/28/2024

 The Canada Goose Chin Strap

Aloha

MatingCall

A mating call is the auditory signal used by animals to attract mates. It can occur in males or females, but literature is abundantly favored toward researching mating calls in females. In addition, mating calls are often the subject of mate choice, in which the preferences of one gender for a certain type of mating call can drive sexual selection in a species. This can result in sympatric speciation of some animals, where two species diverge from each other while living in the same environment.

wiki,

Mate choice is one of the primary mechanisms under which evolution can occur. It is characterized by a "selective response by animals to particular stimuli" which can be observed as behavior.[1] In other words, before an animal engages with a potential mate, they first evaluate various aspects of that mate which are indicative of quality—such as the resources or phenotypes they have—and evaluate whether or not those particular trait(s) are somehow beneficial to them. The evaluation will then incur a response of some sort.[1]

... ... ...

These mechanisms are a part of evolutionary change because they operate in a way that causes the qualities that are desired in a mate to be more frequently passed on to each generation over time. For example, if female peacocks desire mates who have a colourful plumage, then this trait will increase in frequency over time as male peacocks with a colourful plumage will have more reproductive success.[2] Further investigation of this concept, has found that it is in fact the specific trait of blue and green colour near the eyespot that seems to increase the females likelihood of mating with a specific peacock.

wiki, mating call

Mated pairs will greet each other by alternating their calls so rapidly that it seems like only one is talking. The typical "h-ronk" call is given only by males. Females give a higher-pitched and shorter "hrink" or "hrih". Pitch also changes depending on the position of the neck, and the duration of the call varies depending on context. Dominant individuals are about 60 times more vocal than submissive flock mates. Canada geese calls range from the deep ka-lunk of the medium and large races to the high-pitched cackling voices of smaller races. Researchers have determined that Canada Geese have about 13 different calls ranging from loud greeting and alarm calls to the low clucks and murmurs of feeding geese. A careful ear and loyal observer will be able to put each voice to the honking goose/geese.

canadageesedotcom, web

Notes: this, this is one of those things hiding in plain sight, and, to find, some old Greek myth or fable expressing it...another curio is this: if, as Darwin says, even a single word fights for survival, then so languages, and Ipso Facto, words flirt, and diverge...aaaand, while some species haven't diverged for millions of years, content with the same old song, languages can't stay still, fluttering always in the winds of fashion...what rustlings are there in the Fauna?...the Flora?...do Canada Geese raise their heads to show off their chin straps?...brb...and much else...

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid

Proto/quotes/poem/notes/2/27/2024

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Proto

The proto-human language (also proto-sapiens, proto-world) is the hypothetical direct genetic predecessor of all the world's spoken languages.[1]

wiki, proto-language

Archaeolinguistics includes several distinct topics of study:
– The study of the evolution of language and symbolic behavior through the integration of Paleolithic archaeology (lithics, art, notations, etc.) and studies in cognitive linguistics. This has virtually nothing to do with ‘paleolinguistics’ as an extended form of historical linguistics, but it requires a good foundational knowledge of both archaeology and linguistics, and also of hominin evolution.
– The study of prehistory through the comparative use of historical linguistics and archaeology, e.g., to reconstruct proto-language homelands, prehistoric migrations, subsistence patterns, the diffusion of technology, and the like. Where two independent sources of information converge on the same answer, it is more likely to be correct than when one line of evidence alone is used. This is ‘paleolinguistics plus’: the archaeological record is (dis)confirmatory and serves as a check on wild speculation.
– Archaeological decipherment: the decipherment of ancient texts recovered in archaeological contexts. This relies on quantitative analysis of texts and their signs, as well as more interpretive aspects of decipherment that rely on knowledge of social contexts that can mainly be known archaeologically. Maya script decipherment is a classic example of this ongoing process; without the archaeological record, our understanding of the hieroglyphic texts would be substantially hindered.

glossographiadotcom, web

The study of the distant human past using archaeological and linguistic evidence together to reconstruct aspects of past cultures.

Related terms

linguistics

archaeolinguistic

Translations

show ▼±study of the distant human past using archaeological and linguistic evidence together

See also

paleolinguistics

wikitionary

A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy.

wiki, language family

Darwin reiterated Schleicher's proposition in his 1871 book The Descent of Man, claiming that languages are comparable to species, and that language change occurs through natural selection as words 'struggle for life'. Darwin believed that languages had evolved from animal mating calls.

wiki, evolutionary linguistics

Say

Oh, were we as patient as you,
Black Phoebe,
To perch on a fallen Cedar branch
Aside the Merced
And
Peep. Peep. Peep.
All a day,
Our one sweet nothing to say!?

DolphinWords

Notes: language archaeology is a mess...brb...archaeolinguistics...I mean it's taxonomy...brb...I mean, a language isn't glued to the genetic code, or some such, and hence, it doesn't evolve, I mean, you don't have language species, or breeds...brb...even though of course I find Darwin went thataway...but I've wondered my self what our mating song was...to say nothing of our dance...

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid

Xeno/quotes/poem/2/26/2024

 The Canada Goose Chin Strap

xeno

n. the smallest measurable unit of human connection, typically exchanged between passing strangers—a flirtatious glance, a sympathetic nod, a shared laugh about some odd coincidence—moments that are fleeting and random but still contain powerful emotional nutrients that can alleviate the symptoms of feeling alone.

web, Koenig

We might label the emotion we’re feeling “disappointment” or “frustration,” or we might say we‘re “crestfallen.” But John Koenig likely has an even better word to offer.

Koenig, a Minnesota author, recently wrote a book called “The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows” based on his popular blog of the same name. In it, he comes up with new words for emotions that we don’t usually have the language to express. Koenig joined host Cathy Wurzer to discuss the power of words and examine some of his creations.

Minnesota Now

A Minneapolis writer invents new words to help us process our collective malaise

Cathy Wurzer and Kelly Gordon

December 30, 2021 5:35 PM

web

The specific name xenomorph comes from Aliens, the 1986 sequel to the 1979 Alien. The film has a passing reference to the alien species as xenomorphs. The word derives from the Greek xenos, meaning “stranger” or “foreigner,” and morph(ḗ), meaning “form.” A xenomorph, then, can be taken as an “alien-shaped thing.”

dictionarydotcom, web

A xenolith ("foreign rock") is a rock fragment (country rock) that becomes enveloped in a larger rock during the latter's development and solidification. In geology, the term xenolith is almost exclusively used to describe inclusions in igneous rock entrained during magma ascent, emplacement and eruption.[

wiki, xenolith

Alien languages, i.e. languages of extraterrestrial beings, are a hypothetical subject since none have been encountered so far.[1] The research in these hypothetical languages is variously called exolinguistics, xenolinguistics[2] or astrolinguistics.[3][4] The question of what form alien languages might take and the possibility for humans to recognize and translate them has been part of the linguistics and language studies courses, e.g., at the Bowling Green State University (2001).[5]

Noam Chomsky (1983), starting with his hypothesis of a genetically-predetermined universal grammar of human languages, held that it would be impossible for a human to naturally learn an alien language because it would most probably violate the universal grammar inborn in humans. Humans would have to study an alien language by the slow way of discovery, the same way as scientists do research in, say, physics.[6]

wiki, xenolinguistics

The group then gradually declined in diversity until finally going extinct during the Permo-Triassic extinction event. During the Tournaisian epoch of the Carboniferous, Miliolid foraminifera first appeared in the fossil record, having diverged from the spirillinids within the Tubothalamea.

wiki, foraminifera

They get their name from the foramen, an opening or tube that interconnects all the chambers of the test. Fossilised tests are found in sediments as old as the earliest Cambrian (about 545 million years ago) and foraminifera can still be found in abundance today, living in marine and brackish waters.

web, British Geology Society

I don't want to live that way,
Reading something into everything you say!

Gotye

Trapped

So,
We cool off,
Foraminiferans after the Brazilian Blast,
Xeno Fossils
In the lava traps-
Used to be knowns.

DolphinWords

Notes: welp, this goes back to talking to the whale, a tap tap tap, answered with a tap tap tap-then the diver does a roll over, and then the whale does a roll over...mimicry is not unique in the universe!...ghhhehh, Chomsky is a pill...Transformational Grammer was my undoing in Junior High School, 1960...it was new, it put an end to traditional grammer texts, came packaged in paperback, and typewriter like type face...a "new algebra" book like it -self guided- threw me too...then there was Spanish...and JFK's pushups...mathscience so we could crew atomic submarines and such...I wanted to know Euclid, Pythagorus, Latin, Greek...the stuff from beyondbefore...I could still do those things, a bit ostentatious though...anyway, browsing facebook I happened on a rock...what's this?...a Xenolith...oh, a compound!...and looked up Xeno...aaand, that's really really cool...

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid

Endocentric/quotes/notes/2/25/2024

The Canada Goose Chin Strap

Aloha

Endocentric

GoblinWords

Endocentric Demagogue

In theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions. A grammatical construction (for instance, a phrase or compound) is said to be endocentric if it fulfils the same linguistic function as one of its parts, and exocentric if it does not.[1

wiki

Etymology

endo- +‎ -centric

Adjective

endocentric (not comparable)

Focused or centered within itself, and not on something external.

(grammar, of a phrase or compound word) fulfilling the same grammatical role as one of its constituents. coordinate term ▲Coordinate term: exocentricThe noun "houseboat" is endocentric because "boat" is also a noun.

Derived terms

endocentrically

endocentricity

Translations

show ▼±(grammar, of a phrase or compound word) fulfilling the same grammatical role as one of its constituents

Noun

endocentric (plural endocentrics)

(grammar) An endocentric compound.

AL-USTATH No 210 volume Two 2014 AD, 1435 AH



The Structure of Compound Words in Sylvia Plath's Selected

Poems

Asst. Prof. Ayad Hammad Ali Asst. Inst. Omar Sadoon Aied

University of Anbar - College of Arts

Plath's method of configurating any compound is judicative shown up in the exocentric device which led to high fertility of compound words in her poems-especially the five selected poems taken for the purpose of analysis. Introduction Compounding which is a combination of two or more words is very productive nowadays and it seems to be the most used word-formation process in some fields including technology, politics and literature-especially poetry.

web

In short, Endo determined that a citizen could not be imprisoned if the government was unable to prove disloyalty, but Korematsu allowed the government a loophole to punish that citizen criminally for refusing to be illegally imprisoned.[5]

ex parte endo, wiki

Sylvia Plath

Snakecharmer

As the gods began one world, and man another, So the snakecharmer begins a snaky sphere With moon-eye, mouth-pipe, He pipes. Pipes green. Pipes water. Pipes water green until green waters waver With reedy lengths and necks and undulatings. And as his notes twine green, the green river Shapes its images around his sons. He pipes a place to stand on, but no rocks, No floor: a wave of flickering grass tongues Supports his foot. He pipes a world of snakes, Of sways and coilings, from the snake-rooted bottom Of his mind. And now nothing but snakes Is visible. The snake-scales have become Leaf, become eyelid; snake-bodies, bough, breast Of tree and human. And he within this snakedom Rules the writhings which make manifest His snakehood and his might with pliant tunes From his thin pipe. Out of this green nest As out of Eden's navel twist the lines Of snaky generations: let there be snakes! And snakes there were, are, will be--till yawns Consume this pipe and he tires of music And pipes the world back to the simple fabric Of snake-warp, snake-weft. Pipes the cloth of snakes To a melting of green waters, till no snake Shows its head, and those green waters back to Water, to green, to nothing like a snake. Puts up his pipe, and lids his moony eye.

Note:s at the edge of the deep end, one contemplates a poem made up entirely of invented endocentric compounds...brb...welp, no surprise to find Plath in
DeepEnd Endocentricity!...anyway, it's my double words in similar portmanteau dress...a hark back to the Aztec's, AmerIndians polysynthetic languages...aaand, I find in the aftermath of the beheading of Charles 1st of England in the 17th Century, an off again on again era for Crowns, I find John Milton took to task the Royalists over the word "demagogue"...the Royalist liked it, Milton disparaged it, calling it a "goblin word"...it's certainly a fit for certain historical, and current, figures...no one is above the law, or losing one's head over it, though a question: who or what is law?...brb...welp, that's a catch 22...it's expected one's loyalty is such that one will accept whatever decision, however legal or illegal, contraditictory, it may be...a GoblinLaw!

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid

Spurious/quotes/curios/2/24/2024

The Canada Goose Chin Strap

Aloha

Spurious

Occasionally, spurious letters are consciously inserted in spelling to reflect etymology (real or imagined). The ⟨b⟩ in debt and doubt (from French dette, doute) was inserted to match Latin cognates like debit and dubitable. A silent ⟨s⟩ was inserted in isle (Norman French ile, Old French isle, from Latin insula; cognate to isolate) and then extended to the unrelated word island. The ⟨p⟩ in ptarmigan was apparently suggested by Greek words such as pteron ('wing').

wiki, Silent Letter

Despite being rather phonemic, Spanish orthography retains some silent letters:

wiki, Silent Letter

Occasionally, spurious letters are consciously inserted in spelling to reflect etymology (real or imagined). The ⟨b⟩ in debt and doubt (from French dette, doute) was inserted to match Latin cognates like debit and dubitable. A silent ⟨s⟩ was inserted in isle (Norman French ile, Old French isle, from Latin insula; cognate to isolate) and then extended to the unrelated word island. The ⟨p⟩ in ptarmigan was apparently suggested by Greek words such as pteron ('wing').

wiki, Silent Letter

Empty
Inert
Dummy
Magic e
Endocentric
Nonendocentric

Endocentric" digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is the same as that of one of its constituent letters. These include:

Most double consonants, as ⟨bb⟩ in clubbed; though not geminate consonants, as ⟨ss⟩ in misspell. Doubling due to suffixation or inflection is regular; otherwise,[clarification needed] it may present difficulty to writers (e.g. accommodate is often misspelled), but not to readers.

Many vowel digraphs, as ⟨ea⟩, ⟨ie⟩, ⟨eu⟩ in leave (cf. accede), achieve, eulogy (cf. utopia).

The discontiguous digraphs, whose second element is "magic e", e.g. ⟨a_e⟩ in rate (cf. rat), ⟨i_e⟩ in fine (cf. fin). This is the regular way to represent "long" vowels in the last syllable of a morpheme.

Others, such as ⟨ck⟩ (which is in effect the "doubled" form of ⟨k⟩), ⟨gu⟩ as in guard, vogue; ⟨ea⟩ as in bread, heavy, etc.; ⟨ae⟩, ⟨oe⟩ as in aerial, oedipal. These may be difficult for writers and sometimes also for readers.

wiki, Silent Letters

The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" refers to the inability to legitimately deduce a cause-and-effect relationship between two events or variables solely on the basis of an observed association or correlation between them.[1][2] The idea that "correlation implies causation" is an example of a questionable-cause logical fallacy, in which two events occurring together are taken to have established a cause-and-effect relationship. This fallacy is also known by the Latin phrase cum hoc ergo propter hoc ('with this, therefore because of this'). This differs from the fallacy known as post hoc ergo propter hoc ("after this, therefore because of this"), in which an event following another is seen as a necessary consequence of the former event, and from conflation, the errant merging of two events, ideas, databases, etc., into one.

wiki, correlation...

Notes: oh, silent letters are a difficulty...and there is another use in Linguistics for endocentric (exocentric)-for sometime...and posing the question: Is Nature Spurious?-no luck...but that search brought up, "correlation does not imply causation", which I use all the time in dust up back and forth political comment flames as a cudgel!

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid

Angle/quotes/2/23/2024

The Canada Goose Chin Strap

Aloha

Angle

In developing the image, some artists focus on the shapes created by the interplay of light and dark values on the surfaces of the body.
... ... ...
Another approach is to loosely construct the body out of geometric shapes, e.g., a sphere for the cranium, a cylinder for the torso, etc. Then refine those shapes to more closely resemble the human form.

wiki, life drawing

You draw with your finger or the mouse. sketchometry then converts your sketches into geometrical constructions that can be dragged and manipulated.
sketchometry is free of charge and can be used both at school and at home.

web advertisement

The oldest human marking found to date is an abstract zigzag pattern engraved on a shell, created by an early hominin, Homo erectus, half a million years ago in Java, Indonesia [1]. The earliest known drawing from our own species, Homo sapiens, is also abstract: a crisscross pattern engraved on ochre around 73,000 years ago from Blombos cave, South Africa [2]. This abstract drawing predates by about 30,000 years the earliest known figurative painting, a hunting scene discovered in a cave in Sulawesi, Indonesia [3]. These findings show that, from our earliest beginnings, humans have produced patterned abstract designs. Such designs can be found across cultures, ages, and media: in the Girih patterns used in Islamic art and architecture, in the textiles woven by the Incas, in the decoration of Celtic jewellery, in Chaco Canyon’s ceramics, in Maasai shields, or in modern quilt, wallpaper, or fabric designs.

NIH, web

The Greeks derived their name for an angle from the word "gōnia" (γωνία) in their language, which means "corner" or "angle." The term "gōnia" was used to describe the meeting point of two lines or the space between them that formed an angle.Jul 1, 2023

web

The word angle comes from the Latin word angulus, meaning "corner". Cognate words include the Greek ἀγκύλος (ankylοs) meaning "crooked, curved" and the English word "ankle". Both are connected with the Proto-Indo-European root *ank-, meaning "to bend" or "bow".

web

Another piece of evidence arises from developmental data. Preschoolers and even infants have been shown to possess sophisticated intuitions of space (Hermer and Spelke, 1994, Landau et al., 1981, Newcombe et al., 2005), spatial sequences (Amalric et al., 2017), and mirror symmetry (Bornstein et al., 1978). Indeed, preschoolers’ drawings already show a tendency to represent abstract properties of objects rather than the object itself. Although they look primitive, drawings of a house as a triangle on top of a square, or a person as a stick figure with a round head, suggest a remarkable capacity for abstracting away from the actual shape and attending to its principal axes, at the expense of realism. Numerous tests leverage this geometric competence to assess a child’s cognitive development by counting the number of correct or incorrect abstract properties, for instance when asked to draw a person (Goodenough, 1926, Harris, 1963, Long et al., 2019, Prewett et al., 1988, Reynolds and Hickman, 2004). There is some evidence, however limited, that this ability may be specifically human: when given pencils or a tablet computer, other non-human primates do not draw any abstract shapes or recognizable figures, but mostly generate shapeless scribbles (Saito et al., 2014, Tanaka et al., 2003).

A language of thought for the mental representation of geometric shapes,
pdf, web

web

Even though they look and sound very similar, even though they are commonly misspelled or confused in English, “flush out” and “flesh out” start from different concepts and, consequently, define different actions. The first expression refers to forcefully making an animal or a person get out from where they were hiding, while the second is used with the meaning of completing, fulfilling or adding up more important elements to something.

grammar.com, web

Notes: we make up drawings, we make up words-by combining things we know...angleangle...must be a word for that...invent...create...that little drawing geometry program is gold...one could trace a figure, then translate it into geometric shapes...that's what artists are trained to do...it's one trick, crib, of many to make drawings-translate-TranslateGeometry...for savant artists, drawings just come out all of a piece, or some such...and we are all savants as infants...it may well be the best time for schooling is our earliest years!...first is Geometry-for tomorrowmorrow...

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid

MathWords/quotes/2/22/2024

The Canada Goose Chin Strap

MathWords

It has been shown that languages can be learned with a combination of simple input presented incrementally as the child develops better memory and longer attention span,[11] which explained the long period of language acquisition in human infants and children.

wiki, computational linguistics

The field overlapped with artificial intelligence since the efforts in the United States in the 1950s to use computers to automatically translate texts from foreign languages, particularly Russian scientific journals, into English.[1] Since rule-based approaches were able to make arithmetic (systematic) calculations much faster and more accurately than humans, it was expected that lexicon, morphology, syntax and semantics can be learned using explicit rules, as well. After the failure of rule-based approaches, David Hays[2] coined the term in order to distinguish the field from AI and co-founded both the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and the International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL) in the 1970s and 1980s. What started as an effort to translate between languages evolved into a much wider field of natural language processing.[3][4]

wiki, computational linguistics

Notes: it's the duality at work, a math based, 0s and 1s, errorless tool, translating language, which is imaginative, prone to error, inference, capriciousness, multivalent meaning, apophenia, and such...heardsaid, often, it is near impossible to translate poetry...we are impossible!

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid 

Meronomy/quotes/poem/2/21/2024

The Canada Goose Chin Strap

Aloha

Meronomy

A meronomy or partonomy is a type of hierarchy that deals with part–whole relationships, in contrast to a taxonomy whose categorisation is based on discrete sets. Accordingly, the unit of meronomical classification is meron, while the unit of taxonomical classification is taxon. These conceptual structures are used in linguistics and computer science, with applications in biology. The part–whole relationship is sometimes referred to as HAS-A, and corresponds to object composition in object-oriented programming.[1] The study of meronomy is known as mereology, and in linguistics a meronym is the name given to a constituent part of, a substance of, or a member of something. "X" is a meronym of "Y" if an X is a part of a Y.[2]

Example

Cars have parts: engine, headlight, wheel

Engines have parts: crankcase, carburetor

Headlights have parts: headlight bulb, reflector

Wheels have parts: rim, spokes

wiki

In the seventeenth century the German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz, following the work of the thirteenth-century Majorcan philosopher Ramon Llull on his Ars generalis ultima, a system for procedurally generating concepts by combining a fixed set of ideas, sought to develop an alphabet of human thought. Leibniz intended his characteristica universalis to be an "algebra" capable of expressing all conceptual thought. The concept of creating such a "universal language" was frequently examined in the 17th century, also notably by the English philosopher John Wilkins in his work An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language (1668), from which the classification scheme in Roget's Thesaurus ultimately derives.

wiki, Leibniz

Butterflies

Oh, let's just throw time away,
Leibniz,
It's but a mnemonic device,
And then,
Are you the butterfly,
Or I?
Forget Zhuangzi.
Oh wait, a Flutterby...

DolphinWords

aftermaths = mathsafter

Notes:a couple things: a lot went (came on?) on in the 17th Century...and the Sci-Fi tale, A Canticle for Leibniz, the story of repeated rediscovery and preservation of the foreverpresentpast in the aftermaths of disasters...to come, a song for mnemonics...

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid 

Taxonomy/quotes/2/20/2024

The Canada Goose Chin Strap

Aloha

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms of the world.

web

Now mathematics is both a body of truth and a special language, a language more carefully defined and more highly abstracted than our ordinary medium of thought and expression. Also it differs from ordinary languages in this important particular: it is subject to rules of manipulation. Once a statement is cast into mathematical form it may be manipulated in accordance with these rules and every configuration of the symbols will represent facts in harmony with and dependent on those contained in the original statement. Now this comes very close to what we conceive the action of the brain structures to be in performing intellectual acts with the symbols of ordinary language. In a sense, therefore, the mathematician has been able to perfect a device through which a part of the labor of logical thought is carried on outside the central nervous system with only that supervision which is requisite to manipulate the symbols in accordance with the rules.[1]: 291

wiki language mathematics

Nonsense Sentences

A nonsense sentence has a logical, grammatical structure but no content or meaning.

Compare the following two sentences:

1. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

2. Furiously sleep ideas green colorless.

Neither makes any sense, but the first is grammatically correct; it has a subject and a verb, and it has adjectives and adverbs that modify the subject and verb correctly.

The second “sentence”� is pure gibberish; it is a random collection of words with no logical or grammatical structure.

Once we understand how the words in sentence 1 function grammatically, we can easily replace the words of the first sentence with sensible words and create a normal English sentence:

Tiny white mice run quickly.

Generate at least THREE proper sentences using sentence 1 as a model.

Here is the first stanza of perhaps the most famous nonsense poem in English:

’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogroves,
And the mome rathes outgrabe.
— “Jabberwocky”� by Lewis Carroll

We can turn this poem into prose by removing the line breaks and untangling the syntax:

It was billig, and the slithy toves gyred and gimbled in the wabe; the borogroves were all mimsy, and the mome rathes outgrabe.

If we identify how Carroll’s nonsense words function grammatically and substitute sensible words for them, we can create a proper English sentence:

It was cold, and the little fish twisted and tumbled in the water; the birds were all quiet, and the proud lions roared.

Create at least TWO grammatical sentences based on Carroll’s nonsense sentence.

drmarkwomack, web

Notes: this is a reach to connect math and linguistics...a plus b equals c, then c minus b equals a...dogs and cats are pets...math is very precise, it cant be otherwise...language has math's tone, or some such...dogs are like cats because they are pets...dogs are not cats...it's a lot of taxonomy going on!...it's late...to be continued tomorrowmorrow...

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:)

DavidDavid

Extremeophiles/quotes/2/19/2024

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Extremeophiles

Deep Biosphere

The subsurface accounts for about 90% of the biomass across two domains of life, Archaea and Bacteria, and 15% of the total for the biosphere. Eukarya are also found, including some multicellular life fungi, and animals (nematodes, flatworms, rotifers, annelids, and arthropods). Viruses are also present and infect the microbes.

wiki, Deep Biosphere

The findings suggested that if life ever existed on Mars, the dormant evidence of it might still be located in the planet’s subsurface — a place that future missions could explore as they drill into Martian soil.

CNN, web

Extremophiles can use either sunlight (phototrophs) or chemical energy (chemotrophs) as energy sources, and different chemical compounds as electron donors or acceptors. Aerobic microorganisms use oxygen (O2) as a terminal electron acceptor, whereas anaerobic microorganisms may use nitrate (NO3−), sulfate (SO42−), carbon dioxide (CO2), Fe(III), or other organic or inorganic molecules during respiration. The phylogenetic diversity of extremophiles is very high, leading to their broad dispersal across the phylogenetic tree of life together with a wide variety in metabolic diversity.

Jebbar, M., Hickman-Lewis, K., Cavalazzi, B. et al. Microbial Diversity and Biosignatures: An Icy Moons Perspective. Space Sci Rev 216, 10 (2020).

web, pdf

Notes: "Extremeophiles on MakeMake!..A fantasy fantastic upon a round tiny icy world out in the middle of nowhere-a lot like home!"...lol...a thought I've had is to make sci-fi book cover illustrations, art, for non-existent books...anyway, deep biospheres may be a universe universal...the trick is the critters can get by without surface sunlight, the pressure of atmosphere, rock, or gravity tidal forces, creates heat for the biochemistry, or some such...in the works: "Universe Universals-uniqueness isn't one of them!"

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:)

DavidDavid

Makemake/quotes/2/18/2024

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Makemake

Makemake was discovered on March 31, 2005 by a team led by Michael E. Brown, and announced on July 29, 2005. It was initially known as 2005 FY9 and later given the minor-planet number 136472. In July 2008, it was named after Makemake, a creator god in the Rapa Nui mythology of Easter Island, under the expectation by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) that it would prove to be a dwarf planet.[25][27][28][29]

... ... ...

The provisional designation 2005 FY9 was given to Makemake when the discovery was made public. Before that, the discovery team used the codename "Easterbunny" for the object, because of its discovery shortly after Easter.[1]

In July 2008, in accordance with IAU rules for classical Kuiper belt objects, 2005 FY9 was given the name of a creator deity.[37] The name of Makemake, the creator of humanity and god of fertility in the myths of the Rapa Nui, the native people of Easter Island,[28] was chosen in part to preserve the object's connection with Easter.[1]

wiki, Makemake

kemake

/ make.make / Haw to Eng, Pukui-Elbert, Loulou paʻa ｜ Permalinkno ｜ for makemake, Pukui-Elbert, Hwn to Eng

1. nvt., Desire, want, wish; to want, like, prefer, favor, wish; willing (often replaced colloquially by mamake #2).

Examples:

E mālama ʻia Kou makemake, may Thy will be done.

Related:

hoʻomakemake Caus/sim.; To cause or feign desire.

References:

See make #2.

2. Reduplication of make #1; defeated.

References:

For. 6:371.

PPN matemate .

Papa helu loli ｜ Wehewehe Wikiwiki update log

Notes: Wehewehe Wikiwiki!

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DavidDavid 

Interterrestials/quotes/2/17/2024

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Interterrestials

Life requires enough energy to construct adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Where there is sunlight, the main processes for capturing energy are photosynthesis (which harnesses the energy in sunlight by converting carbon dioxide into organic molecules) and respiration (which consumes those molecules and releases carbon dioxide). Below the surface, the main source of energy is from chemical redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions. This requires electron donors (compounds that can be oxidized) and electron acceptors (compounds that can be reduced). An example of such a reaction is methane oxidation:

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

Here CH4 is the donor and O2 is the acceptor.[46] Donors can be considered "edibles" and acceptors "breathables".[47]

... ... ...
Viruses are also present in large numbers and infect a diverse range of microbes in the deep biosphere. They may contribute significantly to cell turnover and transfer of genetic information between cells.[13]

Deep Biosphere, wiki

Viruses may be stealthy invaders, but a study at the Weizmann Institute of Science reveals a new, chatty side of some: for the first time, viruses have been found communicating with one another.

Science Daily, web

PhD student Dr Thomas Harwood, recently graduated from the University of Strathclyde, points out: "The sound waves in DNA are not your ordinary sounds waves. They have a frequency of a few terahertz or a billion times higher than a human or a dog can hear!"

Prof Klaas Wynne, leader of the research team and Chair in Chemical Physics at the University of Glasgow, explains: "The terahertz sound-like bubbles we have seen alter our fundamental understanding of biochemical reactions. There were earlier suggestions for a role of delocalized quantum phenomena in light harvesting, magneto reception, and olfaction. The new results now imply a much more general role for sound-like delocalized phenomena in biomolecular processes."

phys.org, web

Notes: cells have like these tiny radar dishes-think moth antennae...and so a notion they talk with some kind of wave...scents must be wave like, hence the moths' antennae shapes, butterflies too; noses-cats, dogs, ours too!...anything can be encoded, become a wave (I saw the wave clouds today!) it would seem-art, writing, music, radio, television, the web, cd discs, tape, telegraph...so, so, thinking on this I recalled opticalbiophysical things, talking with light, heliotropism, ah, sunflower...one of my thoughthobbies for long time...now and then I check in to see what's new...something, some "it's all done with mirrors" like magic occurs in the womb, or even when one cell comes into being...double words, Makemake: stem to edibles and breathables; nouns verbs, matter, energy, oh, more MakeMake ToMorrowMorrow!!!

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:)

DavidDavid 

Odophorus/quotes/poem/2/16/2024

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Olfactory

Olfactory language refers to language associated with the sense of smell. It involves the naming and categorisation of odours by humans according to each odour's perceived source or attributes. The study of olfactory language is part of the field of linguistics and is distinct from the study of semiochemical communication, which involves communication between organisms using chemical substances detected through olfaction.

wiki

One of the most notable depictions of Nefertem is the Head of Nefertem, a wooden bust depicting a young king Tutankhamun as Nefertem with his head emerging from a lotus flower.

wiki

Odephorus

A perfume world of perfume thoughts...
Oh...realms sidelined
By dominant sounded worded thoughts...
But oft assaulted, overwhelmed.
By Odophorus, we become
Scent intoxicated bees, butterflies...cats.

DolphinWords

Notes: can one carry on a conversation with scents?...well yeah, and it's been being, beenbeing, been, and being, studied with enthusiasm...agriculture...but a full on linguistic language of scents would be coarse, I suppose, like road signs, street advertisements, the smelly stuff of our daily web browsing-log lines, brief encapsulations, headers, blurbs, that draw, attract, stimulate our attention...a perfume world of perfume thoughts...oh...realms sidelined by dominant sounded worded thoughts...tho oft assaulted, overwhelmed, by Odophorus we become scent intoxicated bees, butterflies...cats.

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:)

DavidDavid 

Pileated/quotes/2/15/2024

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Pileated

Cartoonist Walter Lantz is believed to have based the appearance of his creation Woody Woodpecker on the pileated woodpecker; while patterning the call on the acorn woodpecker.[23][24]

wiki

The latin name for the pileated woodpecker is Dryocopus pileatus. The word dryo comes from the latin word for tree, and the word kopis is latin for dagger; pileatus refers to ‘capped’, as both sexes can be distinguished by the brilliant red ‘cap’ of feathers on their heads…

Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society

Feathers were said to have been formerly employed for fine basketry decoration. Red feathers were obtained from the California Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), paltī'na (P), pala'tata (N, C, S); the Pileated Woodpecker (Hylotomus pileatus), pa'kpaku (C); and the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), tcīkūppa'tī (P). The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), sīnahī'ka (P), hī'kasü (N), yielded green feathers, the Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), yū'kū'lī (P), pī‘'na (N), yellow feathers; and the Brewer’s Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) black feathers. The plumes from the crests of the Valley Quail (Lophortyx californica) and the Mountain Quail (Oreortyx pitta) were also used.

Miwok Material Culture 1933
Yosemite Online

Notes: I had a dream about a pileated sea cucumber, which has set me wondering about Crests...to go along with Chin Straps...

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:)

DavidDavid

Poem/2/14/2024

 Fair or Foul

Oh, as it happens,
One is large, one is small,
One is yellow,
One is white,
And in this my aged time,
When lying down,
I fall asleep;
Even sitting,
I fall asleep:
Only thing,
Keeping me awake,
Is when the Sun,
Or Moon,
Comes sailing my way
And if their paths are true.

DolphinWords

Chiral/quotes/notes/2/13/2024

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Chiral

72The best way I know to sum this up is: language is to consciousness what matter is to chirality. To be clear, my purpose in all this is not to enter apologetics, or to offer an argument from design, or to go so far as to claim that McCarthy is affirming a teleology in some holistic way in his opus (though it may be possible). If the language/chirality analogy holds, it brings a consistent mode of interpretation to McCarthy’s constant interrogation of natural law. For if chirality bears some relation on what has conventionally been called natural law, then natural law, through thesis and antithesis, is unquestionably an enduring area of interest in McCarthy’s work. A twist on natural law is encapsulated in the thinking of Child of God’s (1973) Lester Ballard, who cannot begin to comprehend how hawks mate, but remains confident in the knowledge “that all things fought” (168)—a conclusion not dissimilar to Hobbes’s revision of natural law presuming the state of “war of every man against every man”—the well-known doctrine of bellum omnium contra omnes (Hobbes 83). For Suttree this awareness extends even to the microscopic things in a drop of water. If natural law dictates the goodness of life, what if life is inclined to be, in some sense, so zealously protective of itself as to be viciously amoral or outright evil?

CHIRALITY AND THE POLITICS OF AUTHORIZED AND UNAUTHORIZED
ENGLISH IN THE WORKS OF JOHN CLARE AND AMOS TUTUOLA
By
Mukoma Wa Ngugi*
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
(English)
At the
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON

pdf web

Biological molecules chose one of two structurally, chiral systems which are related by reflection in a mirror. It is proposed that this choice was made, causally, by magnetically polarized and physically chiral cosmic-rays, which are known to have a large role in mutagenesis. It is shown that the cosmic rays can impose a small, but persistent, chiral bias in the rate at which they induce structural changes in simple, chiral monomers that are the building blocks of biopolymers. A much larger effect should be present with helical biopolymers, in particular, those that may have been the progenitors of RNA and DNA. It is shown that the interaction can be both electrostatic, just involving the molecular electric field, and electromagnetic, also involving a magnetic field. It is argued that this bias can lead to the emergence of a single, chiral life form over an evolutionary timescale. If this mechanism dominates, then the handedness of living systems should be universal. Experiments are proposed to assess the efficacy of this process.

CHIRAL PUZZLE OF LIFE Noemie Globus1,2 and Roger D. Blandford3

pdf web

Richard L.

... ... ...

Which has already blossomed into an interesting discussion. See one, see both.

Mr. Glass mentions that Clark Kent and Superman parted their hair on different sides, but I think the greater chirality back then was another DC comic featuring the Bizarro world where Superman and all else were reversed. And of course all of the science fiction links at the en-wiki site.
... ... ...

I’ve long been familiar with the term “doppelgänger” but had never given it much serious thought as it relates to the world at large.

Cormack Mcarthy Society
web

Notes: on finding JanusWords and enantiomers, chirality, and such, I thought, this is going to scale up to war, like the JanusWar in Ukraine, and the wars thru out history...enemies mirror one another...and it's probably a false cognate to say JanusPolitics is like JanusChemistry/Physics; I said it, a reach...nouns and verbs are like matter and energy, both the fundamental parts of vast universes, one of Language, the other of Nature...from just being a novelty, JanusWords became a metaphor for Chirality...the Right Hand Left Hand universe is one of those things Anton Petrov on youtube goes on about!...brb...yep, he reviews The Chiral Puzzle of Life...Hobbes is so annoying, together with Machiavelli, welp, they're the dopplegangers of Superman-Bizarro!
...brb...oh, found a forum comment with just those three words, Superman, Bizarro, and doppelganger!...go figure...

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:)

DavidDavid

Enantiomers/quotes/notes/2/12/2024

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Enantiomers

This article is about the concept in chemistry. For a discussion of enantiomers in mathematics, see Chirality (mathematics).

In chemistry, an enantiomer (/ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/[1] ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər; from Ancient Greek ἐνάντιος (enántios) 'opposite', and μέρος (méros) 'part') – also called optical isomer,[2] antipode,[3] or optical antipode[4] – is one of two stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable onto their own mirror image. Enantiomers are much like one's right and left hands; without mirroring one of them, hands cannot be superposed onto each other.[5] No amount of reorientation in three spatial dimensions will allow the four unique groups on the chiral carbon (see chirality) to line up exactly. The number of stereoisomers a molecule has can be determined by the number of chiral carbons it has.

wiki

The enantioγselectivity of flavor compounds was still questioned as recently as 1982. Meanwhile, chiral discrimination has been recognized as one of the most important principles in biological activity as well as odor perception. As early as 1945, Prelog et al. described the differences in the odor of the enantiomers (mirror image isomers) of androsta-4,16-dien-3 -one; while tbe (+)-enantiomer, functioning as a sexual hormone of the boar, shows a strong sweaty, urine-like smell, the (–)-enantiomer is odorless to humans. Another classical example is the odor difference of the enantiomers of carvone, independently reported by two groups in 1970; the (R)-(–)- and the (S-) -(+) -enantiomer have the odor of caraway and spearmint, respectively. These odor differences were ignored or attributed to impurities, until Friedman and Miller showed in an elegant experimental scheme that synthetic (R)-(+)- and (S-) -(–) -limonene could be interconverted, and still adhere to the characteristic pattern (Figure 1). Since then, these studies have been extended to a large collection of enantiomeric pairs of volatile compounds.

perfumerflavorist, web

Note: another welp from the web...note the words lifted from liguistics...music, colors, touch, each of our senses is a realm, a language, each sense an infinity...read said language has no limit to how we make up things...oh, that for tomorrowmorrow!

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid

JanusWords/quotes/notes/2/11/2024

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Janus Words

A contronym, contranym or autantonym[1] is a word with two meanings that are opposite each other. For example, the word cleave can mean "to cut apart" or "to bind together". This phenomenon is called enantiosemy,[2][3] enantionymy (enantio- means "opposite"), antilogy or autantonymy. An enantiosemic term is by definition polysemic.

wiki, contronym

Polysemy (/pəˈlɪsɪmi/ or /ˈpɒlɪˌsiːmi/;[1][2] from Ancient Greek πολύ- (polý-) 'many', and σῆμα (sêma) 'sign') is the capacity for a sign (e.g. a symbol, a morpheme, a word, or a phrase) to have multiple related meanings. For example, a word can have several word senses.[3] Polysemy is distinct from monosemy, where a word has a single meaning.[3]

... ... ...

A lexical conception of polysemy was developed by B. T. S. Atkins, in the form of lexical implication rules.[20] These are rules that describe how words, in one lexical context, can then be used, in a different form, in a related context. A crude example of such a rule is the pastoral idea of "verbizing one's nouns": that certain nouns, used in certain contexts, can be converted into a verb, conveying a related meaning.[21]

wiki, polysemy

A polysemic sculpture representing an owl, with a crescent moon and four-and five-pointed stars on one side and a pecked pit surrounded by concentric polished and pecked zones that probably represent the sun in the centre of parhelia or 'sundogs'. The height is the same as the depth, completing the sculpture's allusion to celestial orbs by making the body nearly circular. The facial structure is reminiscent of both the 'avian sceptres' and standing sculptures or 'betyls' of the central Sahara while the representations on the flanks recall the 'eyed cobbles' (Fig. 4A-F), revealing affiliations among the three genres. 16 cm in diameter, private collection.

research gate, web

A chiral molecule or ion exists in two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, called enantiomers; they are often distinguished as either "right-handed" or "left-handed" by their absolute configuration or some other criterion. The two enantiomers have the same chemical properties, except when reacting with other chiral compounds. They also have the same physical properties, except that they often have opposite optical activities. A homogeneous mixture of the two enantiomers in equal parts is said to be racemic, and it usually differs chemically and physically from the pure enantiomers.

wiki, chirality

Mirror text generator is a tool that flips your normal written text. It produces the mirrored image of the text by flipping the letters. A reflection of the flipped text in a mirror looks perfectly normal.

web

Notably, Leonardo da Vinci wrote most of his personal notes in this way.[1

wiki, mirror writing

Mirror neurons are one of the most important discoveries in the last decade of neuroscience. These are a variety of visuospatial neurons which indicate fundamentally about human social interaction. Essentially, mirror neurons respond to actions that we observe in others. The interesting part is that mirror neurons fire in the same way when we actually recreate that action ourselves. Apart from imitation, they are responsible for myriad of other sophisticated human behavior and thought processes. Defects in the mirror neuron system are being linked to disorders like autism. This review is a brief introduction to the neurons that shaped our civilization.

national library of health

We then discuss three ways of improving underlying terminological and definitional problems: (1) issues with English and polysemy, (2) overlapping aspects of similar mechanisms, and (3) unclear definitions.
... ... ...

“The most extraordinary instance of imitation that I ever met… [the caterpillar] startled me by its resemblance to a small snake.” (Bates, 1862, p. 509). Mimicking the predator's own predator may cause false identification of the caterpillar, causing a bird to break its attack and retreat.

National Library of Health

Notes:...that's a lot...Contronyms showed up on a facebook page while I was browsing and wondering what to go on and on about...Contronyms are like one word double words...bolt bolt...but bolt has two meanings that are direct opposites, sorta...bolt:a fastener, bolt: a leap away free...bolt...one word, a Janus word...there are lists of them!...to make camouflage coloration plants and animals see their surrounding and copy paste!...mimicry and imprint...that last quote laments English can't handle all the things going on in Nature...and as I thought, notions from linguistics get borrowed...that happens too, in all kinds of fields, like archaeological artifacts, their art symbolism...binary google searches have, oh I wish I could imprint the words, I just keep ghists, searches have like sets, multivalent meanings!...and contour rivalry, apophenia, are in play going from one search up to another!...way too much...

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:)

DavidDavid 

Graphemes/quotes/notes/2/10/2024

 The Canada Goose Chin Strap

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Graphemes

The frequency and duration of aggressive behaviors in clown anemonefish was highest toward fish with three bars like themselves,” explained first author Kina Hayashi from the Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit at OIST. “While they were lower with fish with one or two bars, and lowest toward those without vertical bars, which suggests that they are able to count the number of bars in order to recognize the species of the intruder.

newatlas, web

At its core, sound-symbol mapping is about taking sounds (phonemes) and matching those sounds to letters (graphemes). Children are taught to match ONE sound to ONE grapheme, no matter how many letters make up that sound. For example, the word itch has 4 letters, but is only two sounds.

campbellcreatesreaders, web

The small card pack includes short vowels, vowel teams, silent-e, r-controlled, consonants, consonant blends, and spelling rules. The back of each card has examples of each sound. Individual size is great for tutoring or small group instruction. Dimensions: 4.25" x 3.75" x 2.25".

imse, web

People also ask

What is a written symbol that represents a sound?



A grapheme is a kind of symbol that represents a sound (phoneme) in writing. A grapheme can consist of just one letter or a group of letters, and these have specific names. A grapheme that consists of two letters is called a digraph, while one with three is called a trigraph.

twinkl, web

In Cratylus, Plato has Socrates commenting on the origins and correctness of various names and words. When Hermogenes asks if he can provide another hypothesis on how signs come into being (his own is simply 'convention'), Socrates initially suggests that they fit their referents in virtue of the sounds they are made of:

Now the letter rho, as I was saying, appeared to the imposer of names an excellent instrument for the expression of motion; and he frequently uses the letter for this purpose: for example, in the actual words rein and roe he represents motion by rho; also in the words tromos (trembling), trachus (rugged); and again, in words such as krouein (strike), thrauein (crush), ereikein (bruise), thruptein (break), kermatixein (crumble), rumbein (whirl): of all these sorts of movements he generally finds an expression in the letter R, because, as I imagine, he had observed that the tongue was most agitated and least at rest in the pronunciation of this letter, which he therefore used in order to express motion

— Cratylus.[1]

sound symbolism wiki

Notes: welp, it's a reach, but the Clown Fish's three strips are like three graphemes of some sort visually, art graphemes/phonemes?...or I'm just wanting to shoehorn my notion into things?...animal and plant coloration can be described by using terms like linguists do...I've always thought each species is a language...I call them LanguageNations...and this extends into our Nations, tribes, clubs, teams...give them awhile, and sports teams will evolve into fantastic species, LanguageNations...this looks to be foreshadowed, foretold, in how children have that savant gift to learn their Native Language, or Steph Curry's handles!..too much...FORward!

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid

Iconicity/quote/notes/2/9/2024

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Sound Symbolism

Iconicity

In linguistics, sound symbolism is the perceptual similarity between speech sounds and concept meanings. It is a form of linguistic iconicity. For example, the English word ding may sound similar to the actual sound of a bell.

wiki

In functional-cognitive linguistics, as well as in semiotics, iconicity is the conceived similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning, as opposed to arbitrariness (which is typically assumed in structuralist, formalist and generative approaches to linguistics). The principle of iconicity is also shared by the approach of linguistic typology.^[1][2]

wiki

Notes:  This is about arbitrariness and polysynthesis again...late post, more tomorrowmorrow...

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:)

DavidDavid

Metaphor/quotes/postnote/notes/2/8/2024

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Metaphor

Some recent linguistic theories view all language in essence as metaphorical.[4]

wiki, metaphor

So I'd like to do the same thing with synesthesia. First of all I'd like to show it's real, it's not bogus. Second, suggest candidate mechanisms, what's going on in the brain. And third, so what - why should I care? So I'm going to argue in fact synesthesia has very broad implications. It might tell you about things like metaphor and how language evolved in the brain, maybe even the emergence of abstract thought that us humans, human beings are very good at.
... ... ...

And just for fun, I'm going to tell you this is Martian alphabet. Just as in English alphabet, A is a, B is b, you've got each shape with the particular sound, this is Martian alphabet and one of these shapes is kiki and the other is booba, and I want you to tell me which is which. How many of you think the bulbous shape is the kiki, raise your hands? Well there's one mutation there. In fact what you find is if you do this experiment, 98% of people say the jagged shape, the shattered glass is kiki, and the bulbous amoeboid shape is a booba. Now why is that?

from
Lecture 4: Purple Numbers and Sharp Cheese
Reith Lectures 4
The Emerging Mind
web

Notes: it's almost like smile/grin letters are for happy, small things, and the others for sad, big things...a reach...but something like that is being considered by the linguists...rather than words being arbitrary, meaning having no relation to how they are spoken, articulated, ideophones are are all over, and it's tangled up with intonation...the ABCs are like arranged...ab, cd, ef, gh, ij...kl, mn...op, qr...s...tu...vw...xyz...and that's a reach in progress...the linguists must have names for all the tones and clicks and such and their corresponding lips tongue teeth mouth movements...(oh, the ABC song, iambic and such-2/8/2024edit)

from my post, Ideophones
web

But that's only part of the story, part one. Part two, I'm going to argue, there's also a pre-existing built-in cross-activation. Just as there is between visual and auditory, the booba/kiki effect, there's also between visual in the fusiform and the motor brocas area in the front of the brain that controls the sequence of activations of muscles of vocalisation, phonation and articulation - lips, tongue and mouth. How do I know that? Well let's take an example. Let's take the example of something tiny, say teeny weeny, un peu, diminutive - look at what my lips are doing. The amazing thing is they're actually physically mimicking the visual appearance of the objejct - versus enormous, large. We're actually physically mimicking the visual appearance of the object so what I'm arguing is that also again a pre-existing bias to map certain visual shapes onto certain sounds in the motor maps in the brocas area.

from
Lecture 4: Purple Numbers and Sharp Cheese
Reith Lectures 4
The Emerging Mind
web

The bouba/kiki effect, or kiki/bouba effect, is a non-arbitrary mental association between certain speech sounds and certain visual shapes. Most narrowly, it is the tendency for people, when presented with the nonsense words bouba /ˈbuːbə/ and kiki /ˈkiːkiː/, to associate bouba with a rounded shape and kiki with a spiky shape. Its discovery dates back to the 1920s, when psychologists documented experimental participants as connecting nonsense words to shapes in consistent ways. There is a strong general tendency towards the effect worldwide; it has been robustly confirmed across a majority of cultures and languages in which it has been researched,[1] for example including among English-speaking American university students, Tamil speakers in India, speakers of certain languages with no writing system, young children, infants, and (though to a much lesser degree) the congenitally blind.[1] It has also been shown to occur with familiar names. The effect was investigated using fMRI in 2018.[2] The bouba/kiki effect is one form of sound symbolism.[3]

wiki, tiki bouba

Notes: a side by side!...my happysmall, sadbig with kiki and bulbous!...go figure...I was going to go on and on about the etymology of the word metaphor...transport across or some such...that for anothertime... but I got diverted by wiki's footnote 4 to radio talk about book, The Emerging Mind...a curio: kiki wiki tiki...what is kiki?...sheesh...footnote 3 for anothertime!

Aloha,

:)

DavidDavid